Polyfacetic Masks of Corruption: Typologies, Categories, Forms and Levels
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7719/ijgc.v1i1.226Keywords:
Corruption, forms of corruption, levels of corruptionAbstract
This paper is aimed to analyze the multiple forms and faces of corruption, its typology and levels. After reading this paper, readers should have a clear idea about what is corruption and how corruption is classified in different ways. The analysis begins reviewing a typology categorizing political corruption, economic corruption and public administration corruption and showing some examples of typologies, establishing the levels of corruption and indicating where it can be encountered. It is concluded that corruption is just as multifaceted concept as there are societies and economic and political systems, embracing from the broad concept of corruption to the narrow legal concept of bribery. However, it is difficult to assess the overall levels of corruption phenomena based on empirical or perceived data which do not reflect the realities of corruption world.
References
Ades, A., and Di Tella, R. (1999). Rents, Competition, and Corruption. American Economic Review 89: 982-93.
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Open Access. This article published by International Journal on Graft and Corruption is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). You are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material). Under the following terms, you must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
